The impact of cardiac complications on COVID-19 outcomes
Article Sidebar
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Main Article Content
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7274-9043
Abstract
This review discusses cardiac complications in patients with coronavirus disease – 2019 (COVID-19). The data from 65 articles published from 2020 to 2023 were reviewed, except one study on the pathophysiology of the coronavirus published in 2015. The prevalence, probable mechanisms of the development of cardiac complications of COVID-19, and early and late outcomes of the disease were analyzed. Heart rhythm and conduction disorders, acute coronary syndrome, myocarditis, heart failure, and pericardial damage were the most often associated with COVID-19. Cardiovascular diseases are common risk factors for various infectious diseases, including COVID-19, and are also predictors of poor in-hospital and long-term prognosis. Possible mechanisms of cardiac damage are the high affinity of the SARS-CoV-2 adhesion protein to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptors, cytokine storm, ischemia, inflammation, and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Accumulated data should be systematised to create evidence-based recommendations and clinical protocols.
Article Details
Keywords:
References
Driggin E, Madhavan MV, Bikdeli B, Chuich T, Laracy J, Biondi-Zoccai G, Brown TS, Der Nigoghossian C, Zidar DA, Haythe J, Brodie D, Beckman JA, Kirtane AJ, Stone GW, Krumholz HM, Parikh SA. Cardiovascular Considerations for Patients, Health Care Workers, and Health Systems During the COVID-19 Pandemic. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020 May 12;75(18):2352-2371. Epub 2020 Mar 19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2020.03.031.
Terzic CM, Medina-Inojosa BJ. Cardiovascular Complications of Coronavirus Disease-2019. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 2023 Aug;34(3):551-561. Epub 2023 Mar 31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmr.2023.03.003.
Wang L, He W, Yu X, Hu D, Bao M, Liu H, Zhou J, Jiang H. Coronavirus disease 2019 in elderly patients: Characteristics and prognostic factors based on 4-week follow-up. J Infect. 2020 Jun;80(6):639-645. Epub 2020 Mar 30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.019.
Guo T, Fan Y, Chen M, Wu X, Zhang L, He T, Wang H, Wan J, Wang X, Lu Z. Cardiovascular Implications of Fatal Outcomes of Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). JAMA Cardiol. 2020 Jul 1;5(7):811-818. Erratum in: JAMA Cardiol. 2020 Jul 1;5(7):848. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamacardio.2020.1017.
Salabei JK, Asnake ZT, Ismail ZH, Charles K, Stanger GT, Abdullahi AH, Abraham AT, Okonoboh P. COVID-19 and the cardiovascular system: an update. Am J Med Sci. 2022 Aug;364(2):139-147. Epub 2022 Feb 11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjms.2022.01.022.
Coromilas EJ, Kochav S, Goldenthal I, Biviano A, Garan H, Goldbarg S, Kim JH, Yeo I, Tracy C, Ayanian S, Akar J, Singh A, Jain S, Zimerman L, Pimentel M, Osswald S, Twerenbold R, Schaerli N, Crotti L, Fabbri D, Parati G, Li Y, Atienza F, Zatarain E, Tse G, Leung KSK, Guevara-Valdivia ME, Rivera-Santiago CA, Soejima K, De Filippo P, Ferrari P, Malanchini G, Kanagaratnam P, Khawaja S, Mikhail GW, Scanavacca M, Abrahão Hajjar L, Rizerio B, Sacilotto L, Mollazadeh R, Eslami M, Laleh Far V, Mattioli AV, Boriani G, Migliore F, Cipriani A, Donato F, Compagnucci P, Casella M, Dello Russo A, Coromilas J, Aboyme A, O’Brien CG, Rodriguez F, Wang PJ, Naniwadekar A, Moey M, Kow CS, Cheah WK, Auricchio A, Conte G, Hwang J, Han S, Lazzerini PE, Franchi F, Santoro A, Capecchi PL, Joglar JA, Rosenblatt AG, Zardini M, Bricoli S, Bonura R, Echarte-Morales J, Benito-González T, Minguito-Carazo C, Fernández-Vázquez F, Wan EY. Worldwide Survey of COVID-19-Associated Arrhythmias. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2021 Mar;14(3):e009458. Epub 2021 Feb 7. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCEP.120.009458.
Pranata R, Huang I, Raharjo SB. Incidence and impact of cardiac arrhythmias in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A systematic review and meta-analysis. Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2020 Sep-Oct;20(5):193-198. Epub 2020 Aug 16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ipej.2020.08.001.
Wen W, Zhang H, Zhou M, Cheng Y, Ye L, Chen J, Wang M, Feng Z. Arrhythmia in patients with severe coronavirus disease (COVID-19): a meta-analysis. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2020 Nov;24(21):11395-11401. https://doi.org/10.26355/eurrev_202011_23632.
Rav-Acha M, Orlev A, Itzhaki I, Zimmerman SF, Fteiha B, Bohm D, Kurd R, Samuel TY, Asher E, Helviz Y, Glikson M, Michowitz Y. Cardiac arrhythmias amongst hospitalised Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) patients: Prevalence, characterisation, and clinical algorithm to classify arrhythmic risk. Int J Clin Pract. 2021 Apr;75(4):e13788. Epub 2021 Feb 8. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcp.13788.
Pardo Sanz A, Salido Tahoces L, Ortega Pérez R, González Ferrer E, Sánchez Recalde Á, Zamorano Gómez JL. New-onset atrial fibrillation during COVID-19 infection predicts poor prognosis. Cardiol J. 2021;28(1):34-40. Epub 2020 Nov 3. https://doi.org/10.5603/CJ.a2020.0145.
Poterucha TJ, Elias P, Jain SS, Sayer G, Redfors B, Burkhoff D, Rosenblum H, DeFilippis EM, Gupta A, Lawlor M, Madhavan MV, Griffin J, Raikhelkar J, Fried J, Clerkin KJ, Kim A, Perotte A, Maurer MS, Saluja D, Dizon J, Ehlert FA, Morrow JP, Yarmohammadi H, Biviano AB, Garan H, Rabbani L, Leon MB, Schwartz A, Uriel N, Wan EY. Admission Cardiac Diagnostic Testing with Electrocardiography and Troponin Measurement Prognosticates Increased 30-Day Mortality in COVID-19. J Am Heart Assoc. 2021 Jan 5;10(1):e018476. Epub 2020 Nov 10. https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.120.018476.
Russo V, Di Maio M, Mottola FF, Pagnano G, Attena E, Verde N, Di Micco P, Silverio A, Scudiero F, Nunziata L, Fele N, D’Andrea A, Parodi G, Albani S, Scacciatella P, Nigro G, Severino S. Clinical characteristics and prognosis of hospitalized COVID-19 patients with incident sustained tachyarrhythmias: A multicenter observational study. Eur J Clin Invest. 2020 Dec;50(12):e13387. Epub 2020 Sep 17. https://doi.org/10.1111/eci.13387.
Jurisic S, Komminoth M, Todorov A, Bertschi DA, Jurisic M, Vranjic I, Wiggli B, Schmid H, Gebhard C, Gebhard CE, Heidecker B, Beer JH, Patriki D. Long-Term Mortality after New-Onset Atrial Fibrillation in COVID-19. J Clin Med. 2023 Apr 18;12(8):2925. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12082925.
Lala A, Johnson KW, Januzzi JL, Russak AJ, Paranjpe I, Richter F, Zhao S, Somani S, Van Vleck T, Vaid A, Chaudhry F, De Freitas JK, Fayad ZA, Pinney SP, Levin M, Charney A, Bagiella E, Narula J, Glicksberg BS, Nadkarni G, Mancini DM, Fuster V; Mount Sinai COVID Informatics Center. Prevalence and Impact of Myocardial Injury in Patients Hospitalized With COVID-19 Infection. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020 Aug 4;76(5):533-546. Epub 2020 Jun 8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2020.06.007.
Tavazzi G, Pellegrini C, Maurelli M, Belliato M, Sciutti F, Bottazzi A, Sepe PA, Resasco T, Camporotondo R, Bruno R, Baldanti F, Paolucci S, Pelenghi S, Iotti GA, Mojoli F, Arbustini E. Myocardial localization of coronavirus in COVID-19 cardiogenic shock. Eur J Heart Fail. 2020 May;22(5):911-915. Epub 2020 Apr 11. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejhf.1828.
Schiavone M, Gasperetti A, Mancone M, Kaplan AV, Gobbi C, Mascioli G, Busana M, Saguner AM, Mitacchione G, Giacomelli A, Sardella G, Viecca M, Duru F, Antinori S, Carugo S, Bartorelli AL, Tondo C, Galli M, Fedele F, Forleo GB. Redefining the Prognostic Value of High-Sensitivity Troponin in COVID-19 Patients: The Importance of Concomitant Coronary Artery Disease. J Clin Med. 2020 Oct 12;9(10):3263. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9103263.
Giustino G, Pinney SP, Lala A, Reddy VY, Johnston-Cox HA, Mechanick JI, Halperin JL, Fuster V. Coronavirus and Cardiovascular Disease, Myocardial Injury, and Arrhythmia: JACC Focus Seminar. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020 Oct 27;76(17):2011-2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2020.08.059.
Capaccione KM, Leb JS, D’souza B, Utukuri P, Salvatore MM. Acute myocardial infarction secondary to COVID-19 infection: A case report and review of the literature. Clin Imaging. 2021 Apr;72:178-182. Epub 2020 Nov 14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinimag.2020.11.030.
Escher F, Pietsch H, Aleshcheva G, Bock T, Baumeier C, Elsaesser A, Wenzel P, Hamm C, Westenfeld R, Schultheiss M, Gross U, Morawietz L, Schultheiss HP. Detection of viral SARS-CoV-2 genomes and histopathological changes in endomyocardial biopsies. ESC Heart Fail. 2020 Oct;7(5):2440-2447. Epub 2020 Jun 12. https://doi.org/10.1002/ehf2.12805.
Boehmer TK, Kompaniyets L, Lavery AM, Hsu J, Ko JY, Yusuf H, Romano SD, Gundlapalli AV, Oster ME, Harris AM. Association Between COVID-19 and Myocarditis Using Hospital-Based Administrative Data - United States, March 2020-January 2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2021 Sep 3;70(35):1228-1232. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7035e5.
Castiello T, Georgiopoulos G, Finocchiaro G, Claudia M, Gianatti A, Delialis D, Aimo A, Prasad S. COVID-19 and myocarditis: a systematic review and overview of current challenges. Heart Fail Rev. 2022 Jan;27(1):251-261. Epub 2021 Mar 24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10741-021-10087-9.
Thaker R, Faraci J, Derti S, Schiavone JF. Myocarditis in SARS-CoV-2: A Meta-Analysis. Cureus. 2023 Oct 31;15(10):e48059. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.48059.
Techasatian W, Nishimura Y, Nagamine T, Ha G, Huang R, Shah P, Yeo J, Kanitsoraphan C. Characteristics of Takotsubo cardiomyopathy in patients with COVID-19: Systematic scoping review. Am Heart J Plus. 2022 Jan;13:100092. Epub 2022 Jan 31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ahjo.2022.100092.
Davis MG, Bobba A, Majeed H, Bilal MI, Nasrullah A, Ratmeyer GM, Chourasia P, Gangu K, Farooq A, Avula SR, Sheikh AB. COVID-19 With Stress Cardiomyopathy Mortality and Outcomes Among Patients Hospitalized in the United States: A Propensity Matched Analysis Using the National Inpatient Sample Database. Curr Probl Cardiol. 2023 May;48(5):101607. Epub 2023 Jan 21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2023.101607.
Alvarez-Garcia J, Jaladanki S, Rivas-Lasarte M, Cagliostro M, Gupta A, Joshi A, Ting P, Mitter SS, Bagiella E, Mancini D, Lala A. New Heart Failure Diagnoses Among Patients Hospitalized for COVID-19. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2021 May 4;77(17):2260-2262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2021.03.006.
Arentz M, Yim E, Klaff L, Lokhandwala S, Riedo FX, Chong M, Lee M. Characteristics and Outcomes of 21 Critically Ill Patients With COVID-19 in Washington State. JAMA. 2020 Apr 28;323(16):1612-1614. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.4326.
Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, Fan G, Liu Y, Liu Z, Xiang J, Wang Y, Song B, Gu X, Guan L, Wei Y, Li H, Wu X, Xu J, Tu S, Zhang Y, Chen H, Cao B. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet. 2020 Mar 28;395(10229):1054-1062. Epub 2020 Mar 11. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30566-3.
Gao L, Jiang D, Wen XS, Cheng XC, Sun M, He B, You LN, Lei P, Tan XW, Qin S, Cai GQ, Zhang DY. Prognostic value of NT-proBNP in patients with severe COVID-19. Respir Res. 2020 Apr 15;21(1):83. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12931-020-01352-w.
Furqan MM, Verma BR, Cremer PC, Imazio M, Klein AL. Pericardial Diseases in COVID-19: a Contemporary Review. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2021 Jun 3;23(7):90. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11886-021-01519-x.
Kermani-Alghoraishi M, Pouramini A, Kafi F, Khosravi A. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and Severe Pericardial Effusion: From Pathogenesis to Management: A Case Report Based Systematic Review. Curr Probl Cardiol. 2022 Feb;47(2):100933. Epub 2021 Jul 24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2021.100933.
Ghantous E, Szekely Y, Lichter Y, Levi E, Taieb P, Banai A, Sapir O, Granot Y, Lupu L, Hochstadt A, Merdler I, Borohovitz A, Sadon S, Ingbir M, Laufer-Perl M, Banai S, Topilsky Y. Pericardial Involvement in Patients Hospitalized With COVID-19: Prevalence, Associates, and Clinical Implications. J Am Heart Assoc. 2022 Apr 5;11(7):e024363. Epub 2022 Mar 21. https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.121.024363.
Li P, Shi A, Lu X, Li C, Cai P, Teng C, Liu B, Wu L, Liu Q, Wang B. Incidence and Impact of Acute Pericarditis in Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19. J Am Heart Assoc. 2023 Oct 17;12(20):e028970. Epub 2023 Oct 10. https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.122.028970.
Lazar M, Barbu EC, Chitu CE, Anghel AM, Niculae CM, Manea ED, Damalan AC, Bel AA, Patrascu RE, Hristea A, Ion DA. Pericardial Involvement in Severe COVID-19 Patients. Medicina (Kaunas). 2022 Aug 12;58(8):1093. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina58081093.
Saraç İ, Aydın SŞ, Özmen M, Doru Hİ, Tonkaz G, Çırçır MN, Akpınar F, Zengin O, Delice O, Aydınyılmaz F. Prevalence, Risk Factors, Prognosis, and Management of Pericardial Effusion in COVID-19. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis. 2023 Aug 27;10(9):368. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcdd10090368.
Scholkmann F, May CA. COVID-19, post-acute COVID-19 syndrome (PACS, “long COVID”) and post-COVID-19 vaccination syndrome (PCVS, “post-COVIDvac-syndrome”): Similarities and differences. Pathol Res Pract. 2023 Jun;246:154497. Epub 2023 May 3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prp.2023.154497.
Alkodaymi MS, Omrani OA, Fawzy NA, Shaar BA, Almamlouk R, Riaz M, Obeidat M, Obeidat Y, Gerberi D, Taha RM, Kashour Z, Kashour T, Berbari EF, Alkattan K, Tleyjeh IM. Prevalence of post-acute COVID-19 syndrome symptoms at different follow-up periods: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2022 May;28(5):657-666. Epub 2022 Feb 3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2022.01.014.
Golchin Vafa R, Heydarzadeh R, Rahmani M, Tavan A, Khoshnoud Mansorkhani S, Zamiri B, Amiri F, Azadian A, Khademolhosseini A, Montaseri M, Hosseini N, Hosseini SA, Kojuri J. The long-term effects of the Covid-19 infection on cardiac symptoms. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2023 Jun 6;23(1):286. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12872-023-03322-8.
Xie Y, Xu E, Bowe B, Al-Aly Z. Long-term cardiovascular outcomes of COVID-19. Nat Med. 2022 Mar;28(3):583-590. Epub 2022 Feb 7. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-022-01689-3.
Mahmoud Z, East L, Gleva M, Woodard PK, Lavine K, Verma AK. Cardiovascular symptom phenotypes of post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2. Int J Cardiol. 2022 Nov 1;366:35-41. Epub 2022 Jul 13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2022.07.018.
Kotecha T, Knight DS, Razvi Y, Kumar K, Vimalesvaran K, Thornton G, Patel R, Chacko L, Brown JT, Coyle C, Leith D, Shetye A, Ariff B, Bell R, Captur G, Coleman M, Goldring J, Gopalan D, Heightman M, Hillman T, Howard L, Jacobs M, Jeetley PS, Kanagaratnam P, Kon OM, Lamb LE, Manisty CH, Mathurdas P, Mayet J, Negus R, Patel N, Pierce I, Russell G, Wolff A, Xue H, Kellman P, Moon JC, Treibel TA, Cole GD, Fontana M. Patterns of myocardial injury in recovered troponin-positive COVID-19 patients assessed by cardiovascular magnetic resonance. Eur Heart J. 2021 May 14;42(19):1866-1878. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehab075.
Italia L, Ingallina G, Napolano A, Boccellino A, Belli M, Cannata F, Rolando M, Ancona F, Melillo F, Stella S, Ripa M, Scarpellini P, Tresoldi M, Ortalda A, Righetti B, De Cobelli F, Esposito A, Ciceri F, Castagna A, Rovere PQ, Fragasso G, Agricola E. Subclinical myocardial dysfunction in patients recovered from COVID-19. Echocardiography. 2021 Oct;38(10):1778-1786. Epub 2021 Oct 21. https://doi.org/10.1111/echo.15215.
Hendrickson BS, Stephens RE, Chang JV, Amburn JM, Pierotti LL, Johnson JL, Hyden JC, Johnson JN, Philip RR. Cardiovascular Evaluation After COVID-19 in 137 Collegiate Athletes: Results of an Algorithm-Guided Screening. Circulation. 2021 May 11;143(19):1926-1928. Epub 2021 May 10. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.053982.
Ayoubkhani D, Khunti K, Nafilyan V, Maddox T, Humberstone B, Diamond I, Banerjee A. Post-covid syndrome in individuals admitted to hospital with covid-19: retrospective cohort study. BMJ. 2021 Mar 31;372:n693. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n693.
Antoncecchi V, Antoncecchi E, Orsini E, D’Ascenzo G, Oliviero U, Savino K, Aloisio A, Casalino L, Lillo A, Chiuini E, Santoro G, Manfrè V, Rizzo V, Zito GB. High prevalence of cardiac post-acute sequelae in patients recovered from Covid-19. Results from the ARCA post-COVID study. Int J Cardiol Cardiovasc Risk Prev. 2024 Apr 5;21:200267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcrp.2024.200267.
Yang Q, Chang A, Tong X, Jackson SL, Merritt RK. Long-term cardiovascular disease outcomes in non-hospitalized medicare beneficiaries diagnosed with COVID-19: Population-based matched cohort study. PLoS One. 2024 May 14;19(5):e0302593. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0302593.
Lavelle MP, Desai AD, Wan EY. Arrhythmias in the COVID-19 patient. Heart Rhythm O2. 2022 Feb;3(1):8-14. Epub 2022 Jan 14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hroo.2022.01.002.
Raman B, Bluemke DA, Lüscher TF, Neubauer S. Long COVID: post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 with a cardiovascular focus. Eur Heart J. 2022 Mar 14;43(11):1157-1172. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehac031.
Shah W, Hillman T, Playford ED, Hishmeh L. Managing the long term effects of covid-19: summary of NICE, SIGN, and RCGP rapid guideline. BMJ. 2021 Jan 22;372:n136. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n136.
Gheblawi M, Wang K, Viveiros A, Nguyen Q, Zhong JC, Turner AJ, Raizada MK, Grant MB, Oudit GY. Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2: SARS-CoV-2 Receptor and Regulator of the Renin-Angiotensin System: Celebrating the 20th Anniversary of the Discovery of ACE2. Circ Res. 2020 May 8;126(10):1456-1474. Epub 2020 Apr 8. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.120.317015.
Liu PP, Blet A, Smyth D, Li H. The Science Underlying COVID-19: Implications for the Cardiovascular System. Circulation. 2020 Jul 7;142(1):68-78. Epub 2020 Apr 15. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.047549.
Millet JK, Whittaker GR. Host cell proteases: Critical determinants of coronavirus tropism and pathogenesis. Virus Res. 2015 Apr 16;202:120-34. Epub 2014 Nov 22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2014.11.021.
Bearse M, Hung YP, Krauson AJ, Bonanno L, Boyraz B, Harris CK, Helland TL, Hilburn CF, Hutchison B, Jobbagy S, Marshall MS, Shepherd DJ, Villalba JA, Delfino I, Mendez-Pena J, Chebib I, Newton-Cheh C, Stone JR. Factors associated with myocardial SARS-CoV-2 infection, myocarditis, and cardiac inflammation in patients with COVID-19. Mod Pathol. 2021 Jul;34(7):1345-1357. Epub 2021 Mar 17. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41379-021-00790-1.
Escher F, Pietsch H, Aleshcheva G, Bock T, Baumeier C, Elsaesser A, Wenzel P, Hamm C, Westenfeld R, Schultheiss M, Gross U, Morawietz L, Schultheiss HP. Detection of viral SARS-CoV-2 genomes and histopathological changes in endomyocardial biopsies. ESC Heart Fail. 2020 Oct;7(5):2440-2447. Epub 2020 Jun 12. https://doi.org/10.1002/ehf2.12805.
Inciardi RM, Lupi L, Zaccone G, Italia L, Raffo M, Tomasoni D, Cani DS, Cerini M, Farina D, Gavazzi E, Maroldi R, Adamo M, Ammirati E, Sinagra G, Lombardi CM, Metra M. Cardiac Involvement in a Patient With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). JAMA Cardiol. 2020 Jul 1;5(7):819-824. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamacardio.2020.1096.
Kim IC, Kim JY, Kim HA, Han S. COVID-19-related myocarditis in a 21-year-old female patient. Eur Heart J. 2020 May 14;41(19):1859. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa288.
Meyer P, Degrauwe S, Van Delden C, Ghadri JR, Templin C. Typical takotsubo syndrome triggered by SARS-CoV-2 infection. Eur Heart J. 2020 May 14;41(19):1860. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa306.
Tavazzi G, Pellegrini C, Maurelli M, Belliato M, Sciutti F, Bottazzi A, Sepe PA, Resasco T, Camporotondo R, Bruno R, Baldanti F, Paolucci S, Pelenghi S, Iotti GA, Mojoli F, Arbustini E. Myocardial localization of coronavirus in COVID-19 cardiogenic shock. Eur J Heart Fail. 2020 May;22(5):911-915. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejhf.1828.
Weckbach LT, Curta A, Bieber S, Kraechan A, Brado J, Hellmuth JC, Muenchhoff M, Scherer C, Schroeder I, Irlbeck M, Maurus S, Ricke J, Klingel K, Kääb S, Orban M, Massberg S, Hausleiter J, Grabmaier U. Myocardial Inflammation and Dysfunction in COVID-19-Associated Myocardial Injury. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2021 Jan;14(1):e012220. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.120.011713.
Wenzel P, Kopp S, Göbel S, Jansen T, Geyer M, Hahn F, Kreitner KF, Escher F, Schultheiss HP, Münzel T. Evidence of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA in endomyocardial biopsies of patients with clinically suspected myocarditis tested negative for COVID-19 in nasopharyngeal swab. Cardiovasc Res. 2020 Aug 1;116(10):1661-1663. https://doi.org/10.1093/cvr/cvaa160.
Ammirati E, Lupi L, Palazzini M, Hendren NS, Grodin JL, Cannistraci CV, Schmidt M, Hekimian G, Peretto G, Bochaton T, Hayek A, Piriou N, Leonardi S, Guida S, Turco A, Sala S, Uribarri A, Van de Heyning CM, Mapelli M, Campodonico J, Pedrotti P, Barrionuevo Sánchez MI, Ariza Sole A, Marini M, Matassini MV, Vourc’h M, Cannatà A, Bromage DI, Briguglia D, Salamanca J, Diez-Villanueva P, Lehtonen J, Huang F, Russel S, Soriano F, Turrini F, Cipriani M, Bramerio M, Di Pasquale M, Grosu A, Senni M, Farina D, Agostoni P, Rizzo S, De Gaspari M, Marzo F, Duran JM, Adler ED, Giannattasio C, Basso C, McDonagh T, Kerneis M, Combes A, Camici PG, de Lemos JA, Metra M. Prevalence, Characteristics, and Outcomes of COVID-19-Associated Acute Myocarditis. Circulation. 2022 Apr 12;145(15):1123-1139. Epub 2022 Apr 11. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.05681.
Basso C, Leone O, Rizzo S, De Gaspari M, van der Wal AC, Aubry MC, Bois MC, Lin PT, Maleszewski JJ, Stone JR. Pathological features of COVID-19-associated myocardial injury: a multicentre cardiovascular pathology study. Eur Heart J. 2020 Oct 14;41(39):3827-3835. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa664.
Abdi A, AlOtaiby S, Badarin FA, Khraibi A, Hamdan H, Nader M. Interaction of SARS-CoV-2 with cardiomyocytes: Insight into the underlying molecular mechanisms of cardiac injury and pharmacotherapy. Biomed Pharmacother. 2022 Feb;146:112518. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112518.
Chang WT, Toh HS, Liao CT, Yu WL. Cardiac Involvement of COVID-19: A Comprehensive Review. Am J Med Sci. 2021 Jan;361(1):14-22. Epub 2020 Oct 6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjms.2020.10.002.
Koupaei M, Mohamadi MH, Yashmi I, Shahabi AH, Shabani AH, Heidary M, Khoshnood S. Clinical manifestations, treatment options, and comorbidities in COVID-19 relapse patients: A systematic review. J Clin Lab Anal. 2022 May;36(5):e24402. Epub 2022 Apr 8. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcla.24402.
Vosko I, Zirlik A, Bugger H. Impact of COVID-19 on Cardiovascular Disease. Viruses. 2023 Feb 11;15(2):508. https://doi.org/10.3390/v15020508.